Referencing guidance and tutorials

APA 7th Referencing Libguide
The ECU Library guide to referencing. Almost everything you need to know about referencing is here.
ECU APA 7 Referencing Quick Guide
This printable guide provides an introduction to APA Style (7th ed.) referencing and a selection of common sample references. Use in conjunction with the Referencing Library Guide.
Workshops & Videos: Quick Videos on Referencing Basics
View three introductory videos, each about 5 minutes long, to learn the basics of referencing in APA 7th style.

Academic Writer This link opens in a new window
Academic Writer is APA's authoritative solution offering you a complete digital environment for teaching, learning, and writing academic papers that is designed to assist with the application of APA style formatting rules & referencing.

Anatomy of a Journal Article
Scientific journal articles share a common anatomy, or structure. Each part of an article serves a purpose, and if you know
the purpose, you can become more efficient at reading and understanding articles.
APA Style Blog
Creating an APA Style Reference List Guide
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters
Scaffolded Reference Elements Worksheet
This worksheet will help you create complete APA Style reference list entries. For each reference element (author,
date, title, and source), basic information and representative examples are shown.
Six Steps to Proper Citation Infographic

REFERENCING @ ECU

It is important to keep in mind that reference generators, such as the one from ECU Library Search (Cite button), can make the process of creating a reference list faster by allowing you to copy and paste into your assignment. However, these generated references are not always completely accurate, so it is important to understand the requirements of APA 7 style so you can manually check any generated references. It is essential to have a good grasp of APA style rules and to carefully proofread your references, as they may require some quick fixes. For instance, you may discover that certain information is missing (like DOI), or you might need to correct some elements, such as italicise a title or ensure the capitalisation is correct.

You always need to cross-check it in the Referencing Library Guide to confirm everything is correct before you submit the assignment. This guide has specific examples in APA 7th style referencing for many types of information sources you might want to cite in your work, as well as general guidance about formatting.

Referencing Help

The Library runs APA Referencing workshops throughout semester. Go to the Academic Skills @ ECU on Canvas to find out more. To view recordings of previous workshops, visit Library Essentials: Library Workshops & Events.

Subject Librarians assist students with referencing. To contact a Librarian, email library@ecu.edu.au with your query or visit the Subject Librarian page from the Library website.

To book a 30 minute appointment with a Librarian, go to AskUs@ECU.

Reference Examples

NAPLAN

Note: The Copyright belongs to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency, which is why this corporation is listed as the author.

In-text citation	End-text reference
First in-text citation: (Corporate author, Year) (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency [ACARA], n.d.) (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency [ACARA], 2022	Corporate author. (Year). Title. Publisher. URL Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency. (n.d.). National assessment program sample test. National Assessment Program. https://demo.assessform.edu.au/testattempt/sample/x00135461 Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency. (2022). National assessment program literacy and numeracy: Achievement in reading, writing and numeracy (National report for 2022). National Assessment Program. https://www.nap.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2022-naplan-national-report.pdf
Subsequent in-text citation: (ACARA, n.d.) (ACARA, 2022)

In-text citation

End-text reference

First in-text citation: (Corporate author, Year)

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency [ACARA], n.d.)

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency [ACARA], 2022

Corporate author. (Year). Title. Publisher. URL

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency. (n.d.). National assessment program sample test. National Assessment Program. https://demo.assessform.edu.au/testattempt/sample/x00135461

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency. (2022). National assessment program literacy and numeracy: Achievement in reading, writing and numeracy (National report for 2022). National Assessment Program. https://www.nap.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2022-naplan-national-report.pdf

Subsequent in-text citation:

(ACARA, n.d.)

(ACARA, 2022)

Government Legislation

You can use hybrid referencing of APA Style and AGLC legal citation format to reference legislation.

For more detailed guidance, refer to the Library Referencing Guide, specifically the section on Australian Legal Materials.

In-text citation

End-text reference

(Title of Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation))

(School Education Act 1999 (WA), s. 83(2)(b))

Title of Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation). URL

School Education Act 1999 (WA). https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_878_homepage.html

Mobile apps

In-text citation	End-text reference
First in-text citation: (Publisher, Year) (Epocrates, 2019) Subsequent in-text citation: (Epocrates, 2019)	Publisher. (Year). Title of the software or program. (Version number) [Mobile app]. App store. URL Epocrates (2019), Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8

In-text citation

End-text reference

First in-text citation: (Publisher, Year)

(Epocrates, 2019)

Subsequent in-text citation: (Epocrates, 2019)

Publisher. (Year). Title of the software or program. (Version number) [Mobile app]. App store. URL

Epocrates (2019), Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8

Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book

Both the author and the illustrator are crucial in the creation of the children's book or any illustrated book.

The illustrator not only brings the story to the life through art but also plays an essential role in creating the entire work. While other types of books may have illustrations, they usually serve a different purpose. In children's books, however, the illustrations are an integral part of the storytelling process.

In-text citation	End-text reference
Illustrator different than author
Note: When the illustrator is evidently credited (i.e., on the cover), use "Illus." in parentheses to abbreviate illustrator.
(Author's surname, Year) (French, 2018) (Davies, 2017)	Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher. French, J. (2018). Cyclone (B. Whatley, Illus.). Scholastic Australia. Davies, N. (2014). Tiny the invisible world of microbes (E.Sutton, Illus.). Walker Books.
Illustrator same as author
Note: As per the guidelines of APA 7th Style, there may be situations where you need to use your own judgment as the purpose and significance of illustrations can vary. If a book's author and illustrator are the same person and the illustrations are an essential part of the text, both the author and the author in the role of illustrator should be given credit. In this case, they should be cited twice, once as an author and once as an illustrator. It is important to follow the provided examples but use discretion when necessary. Example 1: The Wimpy Kid book series illustrations some people may consider to be an essential part of the book, while others view them as an addition. Example 2: It may be important to acknowledge the significance of illustrations of Stewart when teaching about the natural world or emotions, as they are an integral part of the story.
Author: Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the author’s initials. Illustrator: Write the illustrator's initials followed by a full stop and the illustrator's surname followed by a comma. Then, write the abbreviation "Illus." after the illustrator's name.
(Author's surname, Year) Example 1: (Kinney, 2007) Example 2: (Stewart, 2014)	Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher. Kinney, J. (2007). Diary of a wimpy kid: Greg Heffley's journal. Amulet Books. Stewart, B. (2014). Here in the garden (B.Stewart, Illus.). University of Queensland Press.
Children's book, part of series
Note: The series number should only be included if it is a part of the book title. Do not include the series titles. Example 1: The book is part of the Fancy Nancy series. Example 2: The book is part of the Storytelling Math series.
(Athor's surname, Year) (O’Connor, 2017) (Lacika, 2022)	Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher. O’Connor, J. (2017). Nancy Clancy, late-breaking news! (R. Preiss Glasser, Illus.). HarperCollins Publishers. Lacika, J. (2022). Again, Essie? (T. Martinez, Illus.). Charlesbridge.
What if you want to include an illustrator and if the book was originally written in a different language?
Credit illustrators by adding Illus. after the name and translators by adding Trans. after the name. Use semicolon between them.
(Author's surname, Year) (Jenkins, 2021)	Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.;Translator's name, Trans.). Publisher. Jenkins, S. (2021). Iceberg (J. Di Mase, Illus.; A. Florescu-Mitchell, Trans.). A&U Children's.
Note: It can be challenging to identify who the author, illustrator, or translator is, which may cause some confusion. Please refer to the copyright page for clarification. Please check the example below.
(McRitche, 2014)	McRitche, R. (2014). Edward and the great discovery (C.Hulme, Illus.). New Frontier Publishing.

In-text citation

End-text reference

Illustrator different than author

Note: When the illustrator is evidently credited (i.e., on the cover), use "Illus." in parentheses to abbreviate illustrator.

(Author's surname, Year)

(French, 2018)

(Davies, 2017)

Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher.

French, J. (2018). Cyclone (B. Whatley, Illus.). Scholastic Australia.

Davies, N. (2014). Tiny the invisible world of microbes (E.Sutton, Illus.). Walker Books.

Illustrator same as author

Note:

As per the guidelines of APA 7th Style, there may be situations where you need to use your own judgment as the purpose and significance of illustrations can vary. If a book's author and illustrator are the same person and the illustrations are an essential part of the text, both the author and the author in the role of illustrator should be given credit. In this case, they should be cited twice, once as an author and once as an illustrator.

It is important to follow the provided examples but use discretion when necessary.

Example 1: The Wimpy Kid book series illustrations some people may consider to be an essential part of the book, while others view them as an addition.

Example 2: It may be important to acknowledge the significance of illustrations of Stewart when teaching about the natural world or emotions, as they are an integral part of the story.

Author: Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the author’s initials.

Illustrator: Write the illustrator's initials followed by a full stop and the illustrator's surname followed by a comma. Then, write the abbreviation "Illus." after the illustrator's name.

(Author's surname, Year)

Example 1:

(Kinney, 2007)

Example 2:

(Stewart, 2014)

Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher.

Kinney, J. (2007). Diary of a wimpy kid: Greg Heffley's journal. Amulet Books.

Stewart, B. (2014). Here in the garden (B.Stewart, Illus.). University of Queensland Press.

Children's book, part of series

Note: The series number should only be included if it is a part of the book title.

Do not include the series titles.

Example 1: The book is part of the Fancy Nancy series.

Example 2: The book is part of the Storytelling Math series.

(Athor's surname, Year)

(O’Connor, 2017)

(Lacika, 2022)

Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.). Publisher.

O’Connor, J. (2017). Nancy Clancy, late-breaking news! (R. Preiss Glasser, Illus.). HarperCollins Publishers.

Lacika, J. (2022). Again, Essie? (T. Martinez, Illus.). Charlesbridge.

What if you want to include an illustrator and if the book was originally written in a different language?

Credit illustrators by adding Illus. after the name and translators by adding Trans. after the name.

Use semicolon between them.

(Author's surname, Year)

(Jenkins, 2021)

Author. (Year). Title of the book (Illustrator's name, Illus.;Translator's name, Trans.). Publisher.

Jenkins, S. (2021). Iceberg (J. Di Mase, Illus.; A. Florescu-Mitchell, Trans.). A&U

Children's.

Note: It can be challenging to identify who the author, illustrator, or translator is, which may cause some confusion.

Please refer to the copyright page for clarification. Please check the example below.

(McRitche, 2014)

McRitche, R. (2014). Edward and the great discovery (C.Hulme, Illus.). New Frontier Publishing.

Curriculum Reference

This guide includes examples of citations that are specific to Education. However, it is important to note that you will still need to use the Referencing Guide to help you cite books, journal articles, webpages, and other sources.

For referencing variations in your classes, please contact your lecturer. Please note, this is particularly important in the Early Childhood stream.

In Early Childhood there is no need for students to reference every content descriptor in text and end text as this creates an excessive amount of referencing in the assignment. Students just need to provide a reference to the SCSA curriculum learning area in their end text list.

If you are referencing the aims or rationale of a curriculum area as part of an assignment such as a justification/rationale then the curriculum area needs to be in text referenced and end text referenced.

Website: http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/

School Curriculum and Assessment Authority from SCSA

In-text citation

End-text reference

First time cited:

(Corporate author, Year)

(School Curriculum and Standards Authority [SCSA], 2017)

(School Curriculum and Standards Authority [SCSA], 2023)

Corporate author. (Year). Title. URL

School Curriculum and Standards Authority. (2017). Curriculum and assessment outline. Humanities and social science. http://k10outline.scsa.wa.edu.au/home/p-10-curriculum/curriculum-browser/humanities-and-social-sciences

School Curriculum and Standards Authority. (2023). Kindergarten curriculum guidelines. https://k10outline.scsa.wa.edu.au/home/teaching/kindergarten-curriculum-guidelines

Subsequent citation:

(SCSA, 2017)

(SCSA, 2023)

In-text citation (direct quote):

(SCSA, 2017, p. #)

(SCSA, 2023,p. #)

Standards for Teachers

In-text citation

End-text reference

First time cited:

(Corporate author, Year, Standard number)

(Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], n.d., Standard 4.3)

(Australian Children's Education and Care Quality Authority [ACECQA], 2018)

Corporate author. (Year). Title. (Standard No.). URL

Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. (2014). Australian professional standards for teachers. (Standard 4.3). https://www.aitsl.edu.au/teach/standards

Australian Children's Education and Care Quality Authority. (2018). National quality standard: Quality area 5 - Relationships with children. h ttps://www.acecqa.gov.au/nqf/national-quality-standard/quality-area-5-relationships-with-children

Subsequent citation:

(AITSL, n.d., Standard 4.3)

(ACECQA], 2018)

In-text citation (direct quote):

(AITSL, n.d., Standard 4.3, p. #)

(ACECQA], 2018, p. #)

Learning Frameworks

Note: There are two national approved learning frameworks in operation under the National Quality Frameworks. Both learning frameworks provide guidance for educators in early childhood and school age settings to plan, deliver, and evaluate quality programs, outlining principles, practices, and learning outcomes to guide curriculum decision-making.

In-text citation

End-text reference

First time cited: (Corporate author, Year)

(Australian Government Department of Education, [AGDE], 2022)

Corporate author. (Year). Title. (Version). URL

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia (Version 2.0). https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/EYLF-2022-V2.0.pdf

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022). My time, our place: Framework for school age care in Australia (Version 2.0). https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-02/MTOP-2022-V2.0.pdf

Subsequent citation:

(AGDE, 2022)

In-text citation (direct quote):

(AGDE, 2022, p. #)

What if two works have the same author and same publication year?

Note: To make sure each work has its own in-text citation, add a lower-case letter to the year in your reference list. The same letter will be added to the year in your in-text citation each time you want to cite that source.

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022a). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia (Version 2.0). https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/EYLF-2022-V2.0.pdf

Australian Government Department of Education. (2022b). My time, our place: Framework for school age care in Australia (Version 2.0). https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-02/MTOP-2022-V2.0.pdf

First time cited:

(Australian Government Department of Education, [AGDE], 2022a)

(Australian Government Department of Education, [AGDE], 2022b)

Subsequent citation:

(AGDE, 2022a)

(AGDE, 2022b)

In-text citation

End-text reference

First time cited: (Corporate author, Year)

(Community Child Care Co-operative (NSW), [CCCC], n.d.)

Subsequent citation:

(CCCC, n.d.)

In-text citation (direct quote):

(CCCC, n.d., p. #)

Corporate author. (Year). Title. (Version). URL

Community Child Care Co-operative (NSW). (n.d.). Early years learning framework practice based resources: Developmental milestones. https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05_2015/developmental-milestones.pdf

Mparntwe Education Declaration

In-text citation

End-text reference

First time cited: (Corporate author, Year)

(Council of Australian Governments, [COAG], 2019)

Corporate author. (Year). Title. Publisher. URL

Council of Australian Governments. (2019). Alice Springs (Mparntwe) educational declaration. Education Council. https://www.education.gov.au/alice-springs-mparntwe-education-declaration/resources/alice-springs-mparntwe-education-declaration

Subsequent citation:

(COAG, 2019)

In-text citation (direct quote):

(COAG, 2019, p. #)

Education: Referencing in APA 7th Style

Referencing guidance and tutorials

REFERENCING @ ECU

Referencing Help

Reference Examples

Curriculum Reference

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